• History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America a listing of the key  interventions. Kept up to date
• U.S. Intervention in Latin America Another listing, not so comprehensive, but more subjective, from the Latin America Solidarity Homepage, this is a (not impartial) timeline of U.S. imperialism towards Latin American countries from the Monroe Doctrine (1823) §
• US-Latin American Relations This is a very comprehensive site created and maintained by Richard W. Slatta  Professor of History, NY State.
• The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 By Mark T. Gilderhus. A Google Book extract. Focuses on U.S. relations with Latin America during the second century, a period bounded by the advent of the New Diplomacy late in the nineteenth century and the end of the Cold War.

Diplomacy Pre 1914:

• Monroe Doctrine, Dec. 1823. The document.
• Manifest Destiny Excellent essays and documents. Very clearly set out.

casahistoria site on Mexico for US-Mexican Wars

• The Great White Fleet A well presented site giving an account of the 1908 cruise around the world completed by the US Great White Fleet, changing the way other nations viewed the United States. The account is very well supported by a collection of postcards, photographs, and memorabilia of William Stewart.
• Battle Streamer: Mexican War 1846-1848  from Wars and Conflicts of the U.S. Navy Very thorough site with useful, detailed links on the US navy activity. The Battle Streamers contain a brief history of the Navy's role in the war, conflict or operation. Very good linking to relevant documents.
• Documents Relating to US - Latin American Relations 1898-1914. Cornucopia (!) of documents and articles about US Foreign Policy (towards Latin America especially) in this period through 1990. Platt Amendment . Useful article from  The Historical Text Archive
• The Platt amendment…. the actual document
• "Imperialism of Decadence" A 1913 speech from Francisco Garcia Calderón, a Peruvian diplomat and writer, criticizing U.S. imperialist policy, exploiting Latin Americans. From the Internet Modern Library.

• The Age of Imperialism: home page to many issues of IB level on US Imperialism in the Americas. Good articles.
• US Intervention in Latin America As above.
• History of the United States Navy by Michael A. Palmer. Used by permission of Charles Scribner's Sons, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan from Encyclopedia of the American Military, John E. Jessup, Editor in Chief. Vol. I, pp. 365-380. Copyright c 1994
• Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798 - 1993 This Library of Congress report lists 234 instances in which the United States has used its armed forces abroad in situations of conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It brings up to date a 1989 list that was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough sketch survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad.
  • The Continental Period, 1775-1890
  • The Oceanic Period, 1890-1945
  • The Transoceanic Period, 1945-1992
  • United States Navy Personnel Strength, 1794-1990
  • Bibliography
• Teddy Roosevelt  biography from Time Magazine 100 series. By Edmund Morris FDR: The Good Neighbor Roosevelt from the Time 100 series. By Arthur Schlesinger Jr
• Banana Republic: The United Fruit Company a brief but intriguing outline of the key company in US involvement in latin America. Highlights the impact of political and economic imperialism, indirect as well as direct.
• US policy towards the Caribbean: 1898-1958.  A casahistoria netguide in lecture note format. PDF file  and requires adobe reader. For more casahistoria netguide revision go to IB/Alevel/K12 revision in the young casahistoria section
• Guatemala and the CIA Looks at the role of the CIA and the ties with the United Fruit Company

casahistoria home                              visit caféhistoria for updates and current topic news

 

2. Panama Canal

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• Gunboat diplomacy: the confrontation over pre-Canal Panama between Colombia and the USA 1903 Includes outline of battle, maps and ship silhouettes. From ironcladpirate site.
• Defense of The Panama Canal (powerpoint) Produced for the Military Geology courses of the University of Missouri-Rolla 
• TR's Legacy: The Panama Canal Check out page on the Panama Canal, part of a fun site on President Theodore Roosevelt from PBS' The American Experience. You can see a video and animations of Panama's locks in action and learn about Roosevelt's exciting life through photographs and descriptions.
• Panama Canal From Small Planet. Also includes: 
  • a movie of President McKinley;
  • Teddy Roosevelt's Inaugural Address and
  • Maps of Panama (Index to several Panama maps &
    Large relief map §)
• Panama Canal   Panama Canal History Museum - Photos, Documents, Books and Stories from the Panama Canal Construction
• Panama Canal Landslides Produced for the Military Geology courses of the University of Missouri-Rolla  
• Panama Canal: Problems with the Gaillard Cut Produced for the Military Geology courses of the University of Missouri-Rolla
• Animation showing passage of a ship through the Panama Canal
• The Panama Canal Authority This is the web site of the Canal Authority. A whizzy, multimedia site, but the history section has a full account of the canal construction period. The photo gallery is excellent for historical images.

 

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3. US & Venezuela 

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• “A Matter of Extreme Urgency"  Theodore Roosevelt, Wilhelm II, and the Venezuela Crisis of 1902. article outlining the crisis by  Edmund Morris. 2002
• Gunboat diplomacy: the confrontation involving Venezuela vs. the Germans and British 1902 Includes outline of battle, maps and ship silhouettes. From ironcladpirate site.
• The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 This is the Venezuela 1902 crisis section from the book by Mark T. Gilderhus. A Google Book extract.
• The Cambridge History of Latin America  Google Book extract for the 1902 crisis. By Leslie Bethell - 1995
• Enforcement by Gunboats Detailed chapter from Sovereign Debt and International Cooperation, Draft of a book by Michael Tomz, Stanford University, 2006

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4. Cuba: (a) Spanish American War 

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Background

• American Interests in the Cuban Revolution This is a speech from President Cleveland in 1896, two years before the Spanish-American War, on the American interests in Cuba, and the goings on there at the time, supporting the insurrection of the Cubans against Spain.
• Reasons for US involvement from the The Second War for Cuban Independence by Jerry A. Sierra, Straightforward with links to other aspects of the war  §
• Spanish - American War: causes, events, results.  A casahistoria netguide in lecture note format. PDF file  and requires adobe reader. For more casahistoria netguide revision go to IB/Alevel/K12 revision in the young casahistoria section.

Events

• Crucible of Empire - Spanish American War - PBS site to go with series on the war. Sections on
  • Timeline 
  • Yellow Journalism 
  • 1890s Music 
  • Resources
• The Spanish-Cuban-American War Part of the Ultimate Cuba site. Good mix of description and relevant documents. §
• Illustrated article by David Trask. Good research links to the main individuals and events involved.
• Spanish US war seen by the Museum of Miami. Good on the sinking of the Maine  §
• Spanish American War  from the small planet site on US in the Americas. Three good pages on the war and its aftermath for the US in the context of US expansionism.
• The World of 1898-the Spanish /American War. The site gives an essay overview of the war, a chronology of events, an index of people - with links to biographical information, places and events. From the US Library of Congress site.
• Battle Streamer: Spanish-American War 1898  Very thorough site with useful, detailed links on the US navy activity. The Battle Streamers contain a brief history of the Navy's role in the war, conflict or operation. Very good linking to relevant documents. From Wars and Conflicts of the U.S. Navy. See also below:
• Spanish-American War; Historical Overview and Select Bibliography Excellent detailed Historical Overview
• The Spanish American War An excellent site with lots of photos and information on the two fleets. Links to descriptions of the other theatres of war other than Cuba. From the Spanish American War Centennial Website.
• From ironcladpirate site. Both includes outline of battle, maps and ship silhouettes.
  • Battle of Santiago, 1898
  • Battle of Manila Bay, 1898 

Aspects of the war 

       Military 

• USS Maine  Read the about the battleship that became causus bellum of the Spanish-American War. This site provided by the US Navy gives great detail about this great ship of history and explains that belief that accidental explosion was the most likely cause of the sinking
• USS Maine, destruction of Clear description. well linked to documents and images. From Wars and Conflicts of the U.S. Navy. From the same site, see also:
  • Battle of Manila Bay  
• Spanish Ships in the Spanish-American War This is for the train spotters and anoraks....
• The Infanta Maria Teresa  details and history of a submerged Spanish wreck off Cuba. The Spanish cruiser Infanta Maria Teresa was Admiral Cervera's flagship at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898. Illustrated article with links to the war.  From the Pre-Dreadnought Preservation site

 

• Rough Riders  another page from the small planet site on US in the Americas. The page after this takes the war to an end.
• Buffalo Soldiers and Black & and Buffalo troops. Interesting articles on the involvement of Black troops in the US army in Cuban war. US National Park Service article.
• Medal histories: Intriguing, from US Naval Historical Center 
  • Battle of Manila Bay (Dewey Medal)    
  • Spanish Campaign   
  • West Indies Naval Campaign (Sampson Medal)   
  • West Indies Campaign
• Corps of Engineers Exhumation of the Battleship Maine (1912) Produced for the Military Geology courses of the University of Missouri-Rolla
• Geographic Constraints on Amphibious Operation, Drinking Water in the Invasion of Cuba by U.S. Forces (powerpoint) Produced for the Military Geology courses of the University of Missouri-Rolla  

       Press & Propaganda 

• Maine and Yellow Press:  from the small planet site on US in the Americas. Good articles on this and the war in general.
• Yellow Journalism  The Spanish-American War is often called the first 'media war'. This is where to find out about the Hearst press and where the term 'Yellow Journalism' originates.
• Effects of the Press on Spanish-American Relations in 1898 By John Baker
• New York Public Library Online Exhibition of the Spanish American War A War in Perspective, 1898-1998: Public Appeals, Memory, and the Spanish Conflict, an exhibit developed by the New York Public Library. Good on the propaganda aspect

       Documents  

• Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures Presentation of "68 motion pictures produced between 1898 and 1901 of the Spanish-American War and the subsequent Philippine Revolution." Part of American Memory.
• Spanish - American War A Florida State Archives Photographic Re-survey Project. Images from the US troops in Florida during the conflict now hosted on flickr....
• Images of the Spanish American War. A useful miscellany of images.
• Photographs: Spanish American War Good indexing to campaign photos from US Naval Historical Center
• Selected Naval Documents of the Spanish American War Very specific. Interesting resources from US Naval Historical Center
• "War Plans and Preparation and Their Impact on the U.S. Naval Operation in Spanish American War"  interesting paper presented by by Mark L. Hayes, Early History Branch,  at Congreso Internacional Ejército y Armada en El 98: Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas, 1998.
• The United States and its Territories searchable document archive (Univ of Michigan) comprises the full text of monographs and government documents published in the United States, Spain, and the Philippines between 1870 and 1925. The primary focus of the material is the Spanish-American war and subsequent American governance (approximately 1898-1910).  

 

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4. Cuba: (b) The US Protectorate 1898-1902 

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• US Military Dictatorship in Cuba, 1898-1902 Useful article from the The Historical Text Archive
• The Platt amendment…. the actual document
• Documents for the history of Cuba. A good selection of documents on all aspects of Cuban history and society today
• Useful articles from the The Historical Text Archive:
  • Cuba in the 19th Century
  • Cuba,  1898-1959
  • US Military Dictatorship in Cuba, 1898-1902
• U.S. Occupation of Cuba (1898) Produced for the Military Geology courses of the University of Missouri-Rolla
• US in Cuba 1902-1958: notes on each period of direct & indirect US influence on Cuba.  A casahistoria netguide in lecture note format. PDF file  and requires adobe reader. For more casahistoria netguide revision go to IB/Alevel/K12 revision in the young casahistoria section.
• Brief outlines of US President William McKinley and his responses to Cuba from the Discovery Channel:  §

For links to later US influence on Cuba go to the casahistoria Cuba & the US 1902-59 and Castro & Cuba sites. 

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5. US & Mexico 

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6. Latin American Campaigns 1906-1933 

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7.USA & the Military Regimes of Latin America after 1945 

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