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2. The immigrants    

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• The Huddled Masses A detailed history of late 19th and early 20th century immigration, including definitions of key terms in the study of immigration, guides to immigration in film and fiction, and discussion of immigration and music, language, disease as well as the economics of immigration. From Digital History's Ethnic America site.A good place to start is the excellent Spartacus site which has a brief outline of immigration from the following areas:  Austria-Hungary | Belgium | Bulgaria | Denmark | England | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Holland | Ireland | Italy | Norway | Portugal | Russia | Scotland | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Wales
  

Eastern Europe

• Polish/Russian immigration Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides an illustrated overview of American immigration and immigrants.
• "Great" Polish political Emigration (1831 - 1870) essay by James Chastain
• European Jewish Diaspora
• European Jewish Emigration via the Port of Hamburg excellent (photo based) article. Very well illustrated

Germany

• German immigrants Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides an illustrated overview of American immigration and immigrants.
• 19th-Century-Immigrants from Hessen-Darmstadt in Wisconsin Transplanted but not Uprooted: 19th-Century Immigrants from Hessen-Darmstadt in Wisconsin. Helmut Schmahl, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany. Well referenced.

Great Britain

• A comparative study of emigration to the United States from Ireland and Poland. An odd comparison at first glance, but their are economic & political parallels in this article. Supported by data
• Comings and goings: North America BBC site on the Welsh immigrants to north America
• North British Migration: From the Irish Sea to the Allegheny Mountains HistoryNet article by Claire Hopley

Ireland

• Irish immigration Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides an illustrated overview of American immigration and immigrants.
• Causes of the Irish emigration. Thinkquest article by Linda Magnusson

• Irish Americans Note form with maps and photos. looks at reasons for the famine.

• The Great Famine by Wesley Johnston. Gives basic outline (with some stats) to the famine that propelled much of the emigration.
• Interpreting The Irish Famine, 1846-1850 A useful collection of links from The University of Virginia to primary source materials online, including newspaper articles and pictures. §
• Views of the famine Good reference site about the Irish Famine with lots of original sources and pictures. Also includes an extensive links section to help boost knowledge and understanding of the topic §.
• Emigration to the US and to the British colonies (1850 article) From Illustrated London news. Includes data for 1825-1850
• 1847 - The Famine Emigrants: A very comprehensive look by TheShipsList at the Famine Year of 1847. This project is still under-way, but contains Newspaper Accounts, Ship Arrivals, Orphans & Grosse Isle information, Miscellaneous Records, Ships & Docks, Passenger Lists and Related Sites

Italy

• Italian immigrants Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides an illustrated overview of American immigration and immigrants.
• Italian Emigrant Databank Ship's Lists - New York, USA between 1880 -1891, Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1882 -1920 and Vitoria, Brazil between 1858 -1899.
• Italian Immigration Concise look at the topic from Ethnic America by Digital History

Scandinavia

• Scandinavian immigrants Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section for specific country histories. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides a general overview of American immigration and immigrants.
• Immigrant Ship Transcribers Guild This site has over 400 passenger manifests posted here on our new website.
• Emigration from Finland to America Concise, to the point!
• The Promise of America: Norwegian emigration to America. Useful site. Links to documents, articles and to the 50 year old Norwegian Emigration Museum. Includes (in English translation as well as in Norwegian):Articles about selected Norwegian-American fields List of articles and excerpts from Books  Short stories and excerpts from novels
• A Review of Swedish Emigration to America. Includes links to may other Swedish immigration sites.A Swedish Emigrant 100 years later

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3. Arrival    

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• Living Conditions for Immigrants - This site contains photos depicting living conditions of many immigrants who settled in New York City. §
• Ellis Island - This online exhibit allows you to experience Ellis Island as one of the over 12 million people who landed here. The site contains audio and video clips.
• The National Park Service - Everything you ever wanted to know about Ellis Island.
• Ellis Island (official site) - The official site of Ellis Island gives a brief introduction to the museum near the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. Many students can probably trace their ancestors to this center, where 12 million immigrants passed on their way to new lives between 1892 and 1954. This is a site of information for prospective visitors to Ellis Island, but it also contains an activity that will engage online visitors to take part in the history of the island. The American Immigrant Wall of Honor allows visitors to search for immigrants' names and to add names as appropriate. Simply have first and last name and country of origin handy to conduct your search of all the immigrants processed here!
• New York, NY, Ellis Island -- Immigration: 1900-1920 - This web site presents stereoscopic (3D) photographs of Ellis Island from the early 1900s. §
• Miscellaneous Web Sites Relating to Ellis Island and/or Quarantine Immigration Stations Full listing including details aboutb how to use the data sites
• History Channel Exhibits: Ellis Island - These immigrants passed through Ellis Island and went on to illustrious careers.
• Lower East Side Tenement Museum - The purpose of the museum is to to preserve and interpret the history of the immigrant experience on Manhattan's Lower East Side.
• How middle-class clubwomen contributed to infant and maternal health among New York City immigrants Well supported activity from Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600-2000
• Coming to America - Areas of interest: In our own voices--Stories of Immigration, Taste of Home--Family Recipes, and Immigration Paperwork.

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4. Settling in   

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• From One Life to Another - This site follows immigrants from their home countries, across the Atlantic, and eventually to their new lives in America. The site explores varying aspects of this world-wide cultural change and allows visitors to test their knowledge of the subjects covered. In addition, users can add their own articles and stories to the site, thereby creating a true account of the immigrants of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Origins and the Journey Many good links to the entire emigration/settlement process. US and Canada focus, but good resources for topic including census data, links to many emigrant handbooks and witness accounts. Produced by by Carolyn Bierworth in Ontario as an education resource  §.
• The Pony Express Trail, the Gothenburg (Nebraska) station.
• Immigration in the 1920s - from Michigan State University. Looks at the second wave of US immigrants: from eastern & southern Europe in the 1920's. Simple but useful
• Migration Routes, Roads & Trails from the researcher site
• Cyndi's List Very comprehensive with links to other aspects of the (US) immigrant story.

Women and the frontier

• Women of the West Extensive links to sites describing the activities and lives of leading women in the move west. Very comprehensive and supported by good documentary extracts on the Diaries, Memoirs, Letters page. Both from Overland Trail site. Good place to explore
• Women of the West Very concise bio's of best remembered figures
• Every Day Life Along the Trail. Again, from Overland Trail. This looks at the practicalities of everyday life facing women at the frontier and on the way west. Not all links are still active, but still worth exploring.
• Making It Their Own: Women in the West  Biographies of western women, women's texts both primary and secondary, and a photographic section which complements the biographies and other information about women in the west.
• When the Wagons Came to a Halt: Separating Women's and Men's Roles on the Oregon Frontier  Interesting article by Cynthia D. Culver looking at husband-wife relationships

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5. Asian immigration    

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• PBS - "Ancestors in the Americas" Links to many sites reflecting the Asian immigrant story.

China

• Chinese immigrants Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides an illustrated overview of American immigration and immigrants.
• A Brief History of Chinese Immigration to America. Committed article on behalf of Chinese immigration  §
• Chinese immigrants and the construction of the transcontinental railroad
• Angel Island: California's Immigration Station - This site describes the processing of Asian immigrants through Angel Island in San Francisco Bay - the 'Ellis Island' of the west.
• Angel Island: Immigrant Journeys of Chinese-Americans - An oral history of Chinese detainees. See also: Immigration Station - about the history of Angel Island.
• American Memory: The Chinese in California, 1850-1925 - illustrates Chinese immigration to California from 1850 to 1925 through photographs, cartoons, letters, diaries, business records, and legal documents.

• Japanese immigration Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Does not shy away from the internment issue during World War II. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides an illustrated overview of American immigration and immigrants.

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6. African Americans    

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link to the casahistoria slavery site

• African "immigration" Clear detailed history of slavery and the forced settlement of Africans in the USA. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection, this (very lavish) site provides an illustrated overview of slavery, resistance, abolition and post abolition developments

7. Hispanic Immigration    

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• Mexican Immigration Clear detailed history of the immigrant influx. Takes the long view and starts with early US expansion into what was Spanish America. Good links to additional sources on the web. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection.
• Puerto Rican/Cuban immigration Good links to additional sources on the web. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection. Looks at emergence of communities in New York and Miami
• The New Americans: Immigration, America's Story - New Immigrants' personal stories from the PBS site

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8. The Native American    

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• The Native American: destroying cultures Clear detailed history of native culture and the effect of western settlement and expansion. Remember to click on the additional pages presented (not too clearly) at the foot of the section. Part of the American Memory collection.
• Indian tribes, Cultures & Languages Useful map & guide
• Native American Women Explores daily life for late-19th-century Native American women of the plains and the desert southwest. Worthwhile well presented site despite unfortunate landscape layout.
• The North American Indian by Edward S. Curtis is one of the most significant and controversial representations of traditional American Indian culture ever produced. Issued in a limited edition from 1907-1930, the publication continues to exert a major influence on the image of Indians in popular culture. Curtis said he wanted to document "the old time Indian, his dress, his ceremonies, his life and manners." In over 2000 photogravure plates and narrative, Curtis portrayed the traditional customs and lifeways of eighty Indian tribes. The twenty volumes, each with an accompanying portfolio, are organized by tribes and culture areas encompassing the Great Plains, Great Basin, Plateau Region, Southwest, California, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska. Featured here are all of the published photogravure images including over 1500 illustrations bound in the text volumes, along with over 700 portfolio plates.

Impact of settlement

• My life on the plains, Or, Personal experiences with Indians. By Gen. G. A. Custer Online facsimile version of the 1874 publication “History of a Buffalo Hunter" describes an 1877 horseback excursion that continued “until they had killed enough buffaloes to fill fifty carts with the meat.” The Federal Writers’ Project’s account indicates the nature of the process that was to mark the end of native lifestyle & culture.
• Interview with an Oklahoma settler An audio recording including a description of the violence that occurred between whites and Native Americans in the years before Oklahoma statehood
• The Condition of Affairs in Indian Territory and California An 1888 report from the Indian Rights Association which questioned America’s treatment of Native Americans
• Recollections of a Virginian in the Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars (1894) Online book describes the physical and psychological warfare involved in fighting Native Americans in the new territories

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9. Documents     

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• Internet Modern History Sourcebook: US Immigration - This site is an excellent resource for those trying to learn more about the history of immigration to the United States.
• The City - This bilingual site sponsored by PBS presents stories of Latin American immigrants in the United States, as well as an overview of U.S. immigration history and issues. Areas of interest: The Stories, The Film, and Coming to America (U.S. Immigration Timeline, Immigration Quiz, and Glossary).
• Emigration Information of the Nineteenth Century  very full information on ships, emigrants numbers, witness accounts and entry ports into Canada. University of Waterloo, Ontario.
• 19th Century Immigration Statistics 19th Century Immigration Statistics, Click on the pictures. Slow to load
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• Schooling and the the acculturation of immigrants in 19th century US  L P. Liggio Department of American Studies, Stale University of New York at Old Wesrbury and J R. Peden, Baruch College, City University of New York, 1978. lengthy academic article looking at relationship between public education and increased immigration. 

• Immigration and American Expansion. From The US Library of Congress American memory Collection. Excellent, huge resource. This links to the index page.
• Immigration to the United States Numerous, well set out witness accounts of European immigration to the north from the UK spartacus site. accounts well placed in context.
• Letters from an Immigrant - Bertha Starke Geerdts came to Milwaukee from Germany 100 years ago. Although she was happy in her new land, she never forgot her ties to her family, and she wrote letters faithfully. This collection of her correspondence in both German and English covers a span of time from 1890 through 1911 and offers striking glimpses into the ties that bind. The site also provides links to her family.
• The New Americans: Immigration, America's Story - New Immigrants' personal stories rom the PBS site
• Immigrant Voices - Primary Sources of the non Europeans from Digital History: African American Voices | Mexican American Voices | Native American Voices | Asian American Voices

Also see these casahistoria emigration pages:

European Emigration     Case Study 2: Argentina     Case Study 3: Australia