Franco

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1. Franco

2. Domestic Policy

Economics

The Church

3. Opposition & control

Censorship & cultural control
Political Repression

4. Foreign policy

Germany/World War 2

The Peróns

Post war NATO/US

5. Analysis

6. After Franco - transition & coming to terms

Transition
Terrorism & Coups
Remembering, reconciliation & removing the

Franco remnants

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1. Franco

      for extensive links to the Civil War go to the casahistoria Spanish Civil War site

Biographies

Francisco Franco Full basic bio from Spartacus

Francisco Franco Bahamonde Basic bio from the Illustrious celebrities of Ferrol ie a focus is on his Galician roots §

Out of the Crucible of Civil War, Franco's Iron Hand Forged a Modern Spain - Detailed 1975 New York Times obituary by By Alden Whitman

Franco en el Azor, por Eduardo Haro Tecglen. A relaxing Franco on his boat, el Azor. From Vespito.net

Franco: Caudillo de España por la Gracia de Dios Por Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas, Profesor de Historia Contemporánea, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Ideas

Definition of Falange From WordIQ.com Clearly put

Falangism and Fascism by Hobson's Choice - Comment and Analysis from a Passionate Amateur

For comparisons with other single party ideologies, go to casahistoria Ideologies of left & right page

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2. Domestic Policy

General

Spain in the Franco Era from A History of Spain & Portugal by SG Payne. Good economic data in particular. By Library of Iberian Resources Online/ University of Central Arkansas. Outline in textbook format. (For comparison read the Portugal & Salazar Chapter)

España durante el franquismo 19 (educational?) slideshow images and useful diagrams from institutocalamonte. You will need to sign on to slideshare (and have a good broadband) but this is free and very simple. Slideshow transcript for all diagrams/images is shown at the bottom of the page.

Franco's Political System & Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest from US Library of Congress. Good place to start for an overview in English

De Franquito a ¡Franco, Franco, Franco!, por Manuel Vázquez Montalbán

Spanish Nationalist Youth Groups from the (Historical boys uniform site!) but has some hard to find info and details. Remember to click on Falange Youth Movement for more ..... (ignore the login box that pops up.... and the demented background colour...) §

Franco and the Jews: The Effects of Image and Memory on Spanish-Jewish Reconciliation article by Rene H. Cardenas. Published in Historical Perspectives by Santa Clara University's Go to page 47 of the pdf.

The Opinions of Spanish Women Concerning the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco Limited survey of Women in Valencia today and their perceptions of the Franco period.

La mujer en el franquismo. Women and Francoism. Simple (educational?) slideshow images and brief descriptions from institutocalamonte. You will need to sign on to slideshare (and have a good broadband) but this is free and very simple.

        Domestic Documents:

The Spaniard's Charter, July 16 1945

The Spanish Act of Succession, June 7, 1947

Principles of The Spanish National Movement, According to the Act of May 17, 1958

Economics

La economía española durante el franquismo, por José Luis García Delgado & La economía española, del franquismo al euro, por Joaquín Estefanía from Vespito.net

Spain in the Franco Era from A History of Spain & Portugal by SG Payne. Good economic data in particular. By Library of Iberian Resources Online/ University of Central Arkansas.

Character and Development of the Economy & The Franco Era, 1939-75 Basic history from A Country Study: Spain of the US Library of Congress (note: written in 1990)

The Church

Generalissimo Franco and the Vatican Item by the anticlerical Vatican watch site looks at the Vatican's policy towards Franco.

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3. Opposition & control

Censorship & cultural control

Censored Translations in Franco’s Spain: The TRACE Project —Theatre and Fiction (English-Spanish) by Raquel Merino and Rosa Rabadán. Very thorough research document. The introduction is especially valuable as an overview of censorship.

Interactions between Politics and Literature under the Franco Regime Brief article looks at phases of literary censorship under Franco.

Spanish novelist spied for Franco's regime UK Guardian article on how Camilo José Cela, the last Spaniard to win the Nobel prize for literature, continued to inform against other authors and academics even when they thought he had joined an emerging front of dissident writers.

Fascist Spain and the Axis: Music, Politics, Race and Canon Eva Moreda Rodríguez's article looks at how music in Spain after the civil war was influenced by its relations with the Axis powers. (at least until they wee defeated...)

The position of Jazz in Spain under the dictatorship Document showing jazz as a dangerous importation from the United States

Franco's win at Eurovision... UK mass paper article about how the 1968 Eurovision Song Contest in Madrid may have been swung by Franco.

Political Repression

Los Desaparecidos de Franco. 2002 article from El Mundo about the 35,000 disappeared of the Franco period

Prison Labor in Franco’s Spain (go to page 7 of the pdf) By Nicolás Sánchez-Albornoz professor emeritus of history at NYU. Born in Madrid in 1926, he was arrested in 1947 for student activism in the University of Madrid and sentenced to seven years hard labour in the Cuelgamuros prison camp. He was one of thousands of Republican political prisoners forced to work on the construction of the Valley of the Fallen, destined to be Franco’s tomb.

Germans helped Franco run civil war death camps Looks at question of whether Germans helped organise extermination camps in Spain during the civil war. Independent article by Elizabeth Nash

Franco `stole children of murdered enemies for supporters' Independent article by Elizabeth Nash describes the thousands of children whose parents were "reds" and who were forcibly torn from their families.

A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945. Useful review article by Paul Preston on Franco's repression based on the Michael Richards' book.

Franco and homosexual persecution Independent article on recent moves to compensate gay victims of the Franco regime. Provides a good concise outline of the nature of persecution.

Marxists are retards Recently unearthed documents reveal that Franco's psychiatrist carried out bizarre experiments on members of the International Brigade in 1930s Spain. His aim: to prove that leftwingers are mad. Giles Tremlett reports.

Sobre la memoria de la oposición antifranquista, por Manuel Vázquez Montalbán from Vespito.net

Spain's 'Mata Hari' spied on Freemasons for Franco Article on a book by Xavi Casinos and Josep Brunet, that shows how "Anita de S", revealed to El Generalissimo plots against his regime in the 1940s.

General

Invasion of Ifni by Moroccan Irregulars 1957-8 from Armed Conflict Events Data site. Short and to the point...

The woolly-jumpered anarchist Just how did an 18-year-old lad from Glasgow get mixed up in a plot to assassinate General Franco in 1964? Duncan Campbell meets veteran anarchist Stuart Christie, who relates the unlikely escapade that led to him being sentenced to 20 years in a Spanish jail. Read an extract from Granny Made Me An Anarchist by Stuart Christie

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4. Foreign policy

Foreign Policy under Franco from US Library of Congress. Good place to start for an overview in English

Nazi Germany/World War 2

Franco's Collaboration with Germany Since the unlikely survival of Francisco Franco's regime through the Second World War, historians have puzzled over the extent to which the Franco government had collaborated with Adolf Hitler's Germany. Aspects of this included in the (English language) review article by J.W. Goda of Carlos Collado Seidel, "Zufluchtsstätte für Nationalsozialisten? Spanien, die Alliierten und die Behandlung deutscher Agenten 1944-1947"

Spain during World War II Review item by David A. Messenger givesa good, clear outline of the issues at play behind franco's response to the War. Reviews Wayne H. Bowen's book

The Ghost Battalion: Spaniards In The Waffen-SS, 1944-1945 by Wayne H. Bowen Though Spain officially remained neutral throughout World War II, in 1941, Franco on his own initiative provided a unit of soldiers, known as the Blue Division for the shirts worn by its Falangist enlistees, and an air squadron to help the Nazis in their war against Soviet communism and repay his debt to Hitler. (The original Historian, 2001 article is now "paid for" only. This is a copy posted elsewhere.)

Did Franco want to bring Spain into World War II? Excerpt from Christian Leitz, "Spain and Holocaust"

The Avalon Project : The Spanish Government and the Axis document - Notes on Conversation Between General Franco and Ambassador Dieckhoff, December 15, 1943

Hermann Göring and Nazi Germany's Economic Exploitation of Nationalist Spain. A useful review of Christian Leitz's book by Wayne Bowen for H-Net

Franco's Nazi haven - Spanish dictator Francisco Franco (Unfortunately this is now a pay per article, but can still be read using the free trial offer....) Franco's Spain gave unstinting aid to the Axis powers during World War II. After the war Spain became a refuge for escaped Nazis, fascists and supporters ...History Today, July 1, 1997 by Paul Preston

The Peróns

Argentine relations with Franco's Spain: Las relaciones con la España franquista Thorough, detailed description of the period from the Argentine Universidad del CEMA. educational site. Translates reasonably well using Google.

The Franco-Perón Alliance. Relations Between Spain and Argentina,1946-1955. Pittsburgh University Press, 1993. Detailed review in Spanish by Mónica Quijada

Perón y Franco- Foro por la Memoria Brief article on the ambiguity of the attitude of Franco to Peron in exile.

Eva Peron en España Illustrated description of Eva Duarte's visit to Spain and reception by Franco. Move down the page to see this. see also Gira Italiana

see also the casahistoria site: Perόn

$\ever the survivor: now with US President Eisenhower...$ post war NATO/US

How The US Got In Bed With Franco The Effect of the Korean War on US-Spanish Relations

Toasts of Nixon & Franco at a State Dinner in Madrid. Transcripts from October 2, 1970. from The American Presidency Project

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5. Analysis

Franco's Spain and Castro's Cuba: Parallels and Contrasts by Alfred G. Cuzán, Department of Government, The University of West Florida. A red = brown essay on the two regimes.

La cosecha del dictador (The harvest of the dictator) 2007 El Pais article on how Franco's family did very well out of his dictatorship. Easily google-translated into English.

casahistoria home                             visit caféhistoria for updates and current topic news

6. After Franco - transition & coming to terms

Spain--A Country Study Introductory series of (sometimes very concise) articles. US Library of Congress. Good place to start for an overview in English. Links to key sections:

The Post-Franco Era

Transition to Democracy

Disenchantment with UCD Leadership

Growth of the PSOE and the 1982 Elections

Spanish Foreign Policy in the Post-Franco Period

Spain After Franco Essay by Omar Encarnacion. looks in narrative form at the (successful) move to democracy. World Policy Journal 2001/2

Juan Carlos I: the democratic king Article looks at the key role of Juan Carlos I in the transition to democracy. UNESCO Courier, Nov, 1995 by Ramon Luis Acuna.

La Transiciόn from Vespito.net:▫

Carrero y Arias Los europeos contra el franquismo

El franquismo contra los europeos

Franco muere y nace un Rey

«Adolfo, te quiero pedir un favor»

La reforma política

La situación pre-electoral

Dos dimisiones

Terrorism & Coups

from Armed Conflict Events Data site:

Basque Terrorism: Spain 1968-Present

Catalan Terrorism: Spain 1980-Present

Spanish Embassy: Guatemala 1980

Spanish Military Coup 1981

GAL Terrorism: Spain 1983-Present

Remembering, reconciliation and removing the Franco remnants

Institutional Legacies & Collective Memories: Problems in the Spanish Transition to Democracy. Detailed paper given by Paloma Aguilar, June1999 §

Opening Franco's Graves Article abstract from Archaeology by by Mike Elkin about early exhumations. see also the BBC 2002 item: Spain digs up civil war graves (includes maps and pictures)

Dark is the room where we sleep. Online exhibition of the photos taken in 2004 by Francesc Torres who joined forces with a forensic anthropology team as they uncovered the mass grave of 46 Republicans killed in the village of Villamayor de los Montes, and buried in an unmarked mass grave.

Dulce Chacón: The Sleeping Voice Review by Elizabeth Nash of the book that tells of the women who lost the war: female prisoners who suffered the vilest atrocities of Spain's most miserable epoch, and were forced to remain silent. Their silence - their sleeping voice - is only now ending.

International justice begins at home (2003) Looks at the uneasy question of why Spain's lawyers are so prominent in pursuing Latin American generals but less keen to pursue issues arising out of the Franco period. Carlos Alberto Montaner
Miami Herald.

Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco 2003 Guardian article by Giles Tremlett on Aznar's ruling People's party planned to boycott homage by parliament to victims of Franco

Madrid removes last Franco statue 2005 BBC article on the removal by the Madrid authorities of the city's last statue of Franco.

Main points of Spain's Historical Memory Law Clearly presented from Herald Tribune.

Judge opens inquiry into Spain's 'red terror' victims 2008 Guardian article on how Baltasar Garzón, judge who chased up many latin American generals, has asked Spain's authorities for a list of those killed on the orders of the tribunals set up by the leftwing Republican authorities in Madrid during the three-year civil war that ended in 1939.

Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory

La Memoria de los nuestros site to remember the (nationalist) atrocities of the war

The War and Exile Association



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